multiplexing


Idea:
Allow multiple types of data to travel over a same media, by using Mux and demux methodology







SONET/SDH : 
Electrical signal transmission


WDM :
Allot different signal a different wavelength

Over optical fibre , laser lights travels over wire.
Multiple wavelength lights dont interfere with each other while travelling in same media.

Prims is used for multiplexing, multiple optical lights of different wavelength , with some angle adjustment, so that all lights come out of prism at same end point and travel straight in to fibre optic pipes.





FDM:
Allot different signal a different FREQUENCY

TDM:
Allot different signal a different Timeslot


Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

Basics of networking : Model,Router,firewall,Switch, wireless access points

Image
Router: Layer 3 device of OSI model, deals with communication via IP address, Private Network, public network etc. routing protocols OSPF, etc are used, with concepts like routing tables. DNS: Domain Name server DHCP: Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol ======================================================================== NETWORKS , SUBNETWORKS and ROUTE                                   ROUTING TABLE  Destination     Gateway         Genmask         Flags Metric Ref    Use Iface default             gateway             0.0.0.0         UG    100    0        0 em2 15.15.0.0       10.10.4.99      255.255.255.0   UG     0      0        0 em3 ESSENCE of routing table : Which is the next HOP/Router for the current packet. How it decides ? it looks at current packet's destination address, say 15.15.0.1, it search for all Destination IP and Subnet, its does AND Operation of "Destination" and  "Genmask" to see, if it
Read more

RAN | O-RAN | Open RAN | Open Radio Access Network | Layers |

Image
 RAN Elements  Antennas  convert electrical signals into radio waves. Radios  transform digital information into signals that can be sent wirelessly and ensure that transmissions are in the correct frequency bands with the right power levels. Baseband units ( BBUs )  provide a set of signal processing functions that make wireless communication possible. Traditional baseband uses custom electronics combined with multiple lines of code to enable wireless communication, typically using the licensed radio spectrum. BBU processing detects errors, secures the wireless signal and ensures that wireless resources are used effectively. RAN Radio Resources  Radio Resources Management Techniques  Power control, scheduling, cell search, cell reselection, handover, radio link or connection monitoring, and connection establishment and re-establishment. bearer selection (Master Cell Group (MCG),  bearer, Secondary Cell Group (SCG) bearer, Split bearer),       Major factors for RAN capabilities Channel
Read more

Linux command

  ============NETSTAT============= On .80 machine tcp6       0      0 10.10.4.80:44016        15.15.0.1:3083          ESTABLISHED Here local port 10.10.4.80:44016 is connected with remote 15.15.0.1:3083 On .99 machine tcp6       0      0 15.15.0.1:3083          10.10.4.80:44016        ESTABLISHED tcp6       0      0 15.15.0.1:3083          :::*                    LISTEN and is listening from any connection from any ip and port from outside, so its a server socket on .99 ===================TCP DUMP================ tcpdump -vv -X -i em3 'port 44016' -w dump.log ========================DF =================== Filesystem               Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on devtmpfs                 252G     0  252G   0% /dev tmpfs                    252G  4.0K  252G   1% /dev/shm tmpfs                    252G  652M  252G   1% /run tmpfs                    252G     0  252G   0% /sys/fs/cgroup /dev/mapper/centos-root  1.8T  4.8G  1.7T   1% / /dev/loop0               1.9G  6.1M  1.7G   1% /sr
Read more