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RAN | O-RAN | Open RAN | Open Radio Access Network | Layers |

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 RAN Elements  Antennas  convert electrical signals into radio waves. Radios  transform digital information into signals that can be sent wirelessly and ensure that transmissions are in the correct frequency bands with the right power levels. Baseband units ( BBUs )  provide a set of signal processing functions that make wireless communication possible. Traditional baseband uses custom electronics combined with multiple lines of code to enable wireless communication, typically using the licensed radio spectrum. BBU processing detects errors, secures the wireless signal and ensures that wireless resources are used effectively. RAN Radio Resources  Radio Resources Management Techniques  Power control, scheduling, cell search, cell reselection, handover, radio link or connection monitoring, and connection establishment and re-establishment. bearer selection (Master Cell Group (MCG),  bearer, Secondary Cell Group (SCG) bearer, Split bearer),       Major factors for RAN capabilities Channel
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Linux command

  ============NETSTAT============= On .80 machine tcp6       0      0 10.10.4.80:44016        15.15.0.1:3083          ESTABLISHED Here local port 10.10.4.80:44016 is connected with remote 15.15.0.1:3083 On .99 machine tcp6       0      0 15.15.0.1:3083          10.10.4.80:44016        ESTABLISHED tcp6       0      0 15.15.0.1:3083          :::*                    LISTEN and is listening from any connection from any ip and port from outside, so its a server socket on .99 ===================TCP DUMP================ tcpdump -vv -X -i em3 'port 44016' -w dump.log ========================DF =================== Filesystem               Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on devtmpfs                 252G     0  252G   0% /dev tmpfs                    252G  4.0K  252G   1% /dev/shm tmpfs                    252G  652M  252G   1% /run tmpfs                    252G     0  252G   0% /sys/fs/cgroup /dev/mapper/centos-root  1.8T  4.8G  1.7T   1% / /dev/loop0               1.9G  6.1M  1.7G   1% /sr
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devstack installation - controller node

  0. sudo hostnamectl set-hostname compute-141 1. Remove any symlik of /etc/resolve.conf and add nameserver 8.8.8.8 nameserver 8.8.4.4 2. check df -h [ /, should have good space] 3. checl internet connectivity, ping www.google.com 4. if possible disable Ipv6, ip allocation /etc/netplan/50-cloud-init.yaml  5. And host name entry in /etc/host give root as default user and sudo priviledge sudo useradd -s /bin/bash -d /opt/stack -m stack echo "stack ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: ALL" | sudo tee /etc/sudoers.d/stack su - stack sudo apt install git -y git clone https://git.openstack.org/openstack-dev/devstack  # git clone https://opendev.org/openstack-dev/devstack -b stable/ussuri # All codes have been downloaded in /opt/stack/devstack directory cd devstack vi local.conf [[local|localrc]] # Password for KeyStone, Database, RabbitMQ and Service ADMIN_PASSWORD=admin # Host IP - get your Server/VM IP address from ip addr command HOST_IP=192.168.1.1 SERVICE_HOST=192.168.1.1 MYSQL_HOST=192.168.1.
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devstack installation - Compute node

 0. sudo hostnamectl set-hostname compute-141 1. Remove any symlik of /etc/resolve.conf and add nameserver 8.8.8.8 nameserver 8.8.4.4 2. check df -h [ /, should have good space] 3. checl internet connectivity, ping www.google.com 4. if possible disable Ipv6, ip allocation #No mandatory /etc/netplan/50-cloud-init.yaml  5. And host name entry in /etc/host give root as default user and sudo priviledge sudo useradd -s /bin/bash -d /opt/stack -m stack echo "stack ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: ALL" | sudo tee /etc/sudoers.d/stack su - stack sudo apt install git -y git clone https://git.openstack.org/openstack-dev/devstack  # git clone https://opendev.org/openstack-dev/devstack -b stable/ussuri # All codes have been downloaded in /opt/stack/devstack directory cd devstack Edit local.conf and add your desired conf details run --> ./stack.sh --use-feature=2020-resolver Working compute node local.conf[change compute IP accordingly] **************************************************************
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Network slicing | SBA | Service Based Architecture

Acronyms and Abbreviations This document uses the following acronyms: 3GPP 3rd Generation Partnership Project BSS/OSS Business Support Systems/Operations Support Systems EMS Element Management System ETSI European Telecommunications Standards Institute FCAPS Fault, Configuration, Accounting, Performance, Security IaaS Infra structure as a Service KPI Key Performance Indicator MANO ETSI Management and Orchestration LCM Life Cycle Management MNO Mobile Network Operator M&O Management & Orchestration NaaS Network as a Service NGMN Next Generation Mobile Networks NMS Network Management System NSMF Network Slice Subnet Management Functions NSSMF Network Slice Management Function NFVI Network Functions Virtualisation Infrastructure NVFO Network Virtualization Function Orchestrator PNF Physical Network Function RAN Radio Access Network SLA Service Level Agreement VIM Virtualised Infrastructure Manager VNF Virtualised Network Function Why Slice the NE
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Physics basics | frequency

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wave = energy wave completes a cycle= a positive half and negative half, like like wave in water, when you blow it. frequency of a wave = number of completed cycle / any time interval = that many Herts 2 cycle / sec = 2 Hertz frequency. SPECTRUM (RANGE)     The range of frequency for a given type of waves, sound waves, electrical waves, electro-mangnet waves.   The range is defined by the starting and end frequency also refered as bandwidth(0-50 herts = BandC)   WAVELENGTH   The distance between two similar point of a given waves   because signal strength can not only be defined by frequency, ie. how many wave cycle per sec , it also depends , how big the wave is (Wavelength)   Lamda = C/ F , where c = speed of light 8       FM Radio frequency, ranges from 87 Mhz to 104 Mhz, i,e, the that many cycles per second, you if you want to catch a specific f wave you need tune your receiver to that level, so that you catch that wave only.
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Docker container and Kubernetes orchestrations

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