Cloud Virtualization NFV Networking

wave = energy wave completes a cycle= a positive half and negative half, like like wave in water, when you blow it. frequency of a wave = number of completed cycle / any time interval = that many Herts 2 cycle / sec = 2 Hertz frequency. SPECTRUM (RANGE)     The range of frequency for a given type of waves, sound waves, electrical waves, electro-mangnet waves.   The range is defined by the starting and end frequency also refered as bandwidth(0-50 herts = BandC)   WAVELENGTH   The distance between two similar point of a given waves   because signal strength can not only be defined by frequency, ie. how many wave cycle per sec , it also depends , how big the wave is (Wavelength)   Lamda = C/ F , where c = speed of light 8       FM Radio frequency, ranges from 87 Mhz to 104 Mhz, i,e, the that many cycles per second, you if you want to catch a specific f wave you need tune your rec...

MS: Mobile station (mobile) BS: Base station(tower) BSC : Base station controller( tower controller, traffic management, tower down up management) MSC: Mobile Switching centre(manages multiple BSC has helpers like HLR: Home location Resister. 1. maintains each sim info, address 2. your pre paid post paid, data and balance info, sends msg of renewal RLR: Remote location register NSS: Network switching Station Terminologies 3GPP   3rd Generation Partnership Project  ( 3GPP )   is a collaboration between groups of telecommunications standards associations SAE System Architecture Evolution  core network architecture of 3GPP's LTE wireless communication standard LTE Long-Term Evolution is a standard for wireless broadband communication for mobile devices and data terminals, based on the GSM/EDGE and UMTS/HSPA technologies GSM EDGE UMTS...

Voice: Your phone --> Microphone (Mic), has Magnet, the sound waves moves in and generates electrical signal --> trasported to destination --> Speaker , magnet converts back this electrical signal to sound wave again.

ROADM: Reconfigurable Add Drop Multiplexer traditionally used in conjunction with DWDM system, basically to convert Optical signan to Electrical signal. recently on order to selectively convert a single optical signal of a specific wavelength, it has been used. ROADM consist of 3 basic component 1. Wavelength selective switch 2. Amplifier  3. Channel Monitor Here you can see, ROADM are used to at both end to convert electrical signal in to optical Here you can see that electrical signal is further converted in by other network devices , Like Model Digital to Analog, Passed to firewall, router and switch inside a network and finally data is delivered to specific device/computer/system

Router: Layer 3 device of OSI model, deals with communication via IP address, Private Network, public network etc. routing protocols OSPF, etc are used, with concepts like routing tables. DNS: Domain Name server DHCP: Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol ======================================================================== NETWORKS , SUBNETWORKS and ROUTE                                   ROUTING TABLE  Destination     Gateway         Genmask         Flags Metric Ref    Use Iface default             gateway             0.0.0.0         UG    100    0        0 em2 15.15.0.0       10.10.4.99      255.255.255.0   U...

Idea: Allow multiple types of data to travel over a same media, by using Mux and demux methodology SONET/SDH :  Electrical signal transmission WDM : Allot different signal a different wavelength Over optical fibre , laser lights travels over wire. Multiple wavelength lights dont interfere with each other while travelling in same media. Prims is used for multiplexing, multiple optical lights of different wavelength , with some angle adjustment, so that all lights come out of prism at same end point and travel straight in to fibre optic pipes. FDM: Allot different signal a different FREQUENCY TDM: Allot different signal a different Timeslot